Often the source language is the translator's second language, while the target language is the translator's first language.[45] In some geographical settings, however, the source language is the translator's first language because not enough people speak the source language as a second language.[46] For instance, a 2005 survey found that 89% of professional Slovene translators translate into their second language, usually English.[46] In cases where the source language is the translator's first language, the translation process has been referred to by various terms, including "translating into a non-mother tongue", "translating into a second language", "inverse translation", "reverse translation", "service translation", and "translation from A to B".[46] The process typically begins with a full and in-depth analysis of the original text in the source language, ensuring full comprehension and understanding before the actual act of translating is approached.[47]
The weaknesses of pure machine translation, unaided by human expertise, are those of artificial intelligence itself.[99] As of 2018, professional translator Mark Polizzotti held that machine translation, by Google Translate and the like, was unlikely to threaten human translators anytime soon, because machines would never grasp nuance and connotation.[100] Writes Paul Taylor: "Perhaps there is a limit to what a computer can do without knowing that it is manipulating imperfect representations of an external reality."[101]
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Science fiction being a genre with a recognizable set of conventions and literary genealogies, in which language often includes neologisms, neosemes,[clarification needed] and invented languages, techno-scientific and pseudoscientific vocabulary,[138] and fictional representation of the translation process,[139][140] the translation of science-fiction texts involves specific concerns.[141] The science-fiction translator tends to acquire specific competences and assume a distinctive publishing and cultural agency.[142][143] As in the case of other mass-fiction genres, this professional specialization and role often is not recognized by publishers and scholars.[144]
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