Transit app: To help you get acquainted with riding a bus, we recommend you download the Transit app. The app tracks all DCTA buses and will show you in real time the location of the bus on the route you want to take. We also recommend you sign up for Rider Alerts, so that you receive a text message or email if the route you take is experiencing an issue.
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Example 3: Arrest Record Is Not Grounds for Exclusion. Mervin and Karen, a middle-aged African American couple, are driving to church in a predominantly white town. An officer stops them and interrogates them about their destination. When Mervin becomes annoyed and comments that his offense is simply "driving while Black," the officer arrests him for disorderly conduct. The prosecutor decides not to file charges against Mervin, but the arrest remains in the police department's database and is reported in a background check when Mervin applies with his employer of fifteen years for a promotion to an executive position. The employer's practice is to deny such promotions to individuals with arrest records, even without a conviction, because it views an arrest record as an indicator of untrustworthiness and irresponsibility. If Mervin filed a Title VII charge based on these facts, and disparate impact based on race were established, the EEOC would find reasonable cause to believe that his employer violated Title VII.
The city is coterminous with Chennai district, which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area,[note 1] the 36th-largest urban area in the world by population[28] and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. As the traditional and de facto gateway of South India,[1][2][3][4] Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked the 43rd-most visited city in the world for the year 2015[29] and was ranked the 36th-most visited city in the world for the year 2019.[30] The Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India.[31] Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists.[32] As such, it is termed "India's health capital".[33][34] Chennai has the fifth-largest urban economy,[35] and had the third-largest expatriate population in India, at 35,000 in 2009, 82,790 in 2011 and estimated at over 100,000 by 2016.[36][37] Tourism-guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015.[38]
Ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index,[39] Chennai was dubbed India's best city by India Today in 2014.[40][41] In 2015, Chennai was named the "hottest" city (city worth visiting and worth living in for long term) by the BBC, citing its amalgam of both modern and traditional values.[42] It was the only South Asian city to feature on National Geographic's "Top 10 food cities" in 2015,[43] and ranked ninth on Lonely Planet's best cosmopolitan cities of the world.[44] In October 2017, Chennai was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list for its rich musical tradition.[45] Chennai hosts more than one-third of India's automobile industry, and is a major film production center, home to the Tamil film industry.
The name Chennai was derived from the name of Damarla Mudirasa Chennappa Nayakudu, father of Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, a Nayak ruler who served as a general under Venkata III of the Vijayanagara Empire from whom the British acquired the town in 1639.[46][47] As such, the city's name is of Telugu language origin.[48][49][50] The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a sale deed, dated August 1639, to Francis Day of the East India Company, even before[51] the Chennakesava Perumal Temple was built in 1646,[52] while some scholars argue to the contrary.[53]
The name Madras is also of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India.[54] A Vijayanagara-era inscription dated to the year 1367 that mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, was discovered in 2015 and it was theorised that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of Royapuram.[55] According to some sources, Madras is derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St George.[56] However, it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.[57] British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, which was the name of a Telugu community, Mudiraj, who were the native inhabitants of the city.[58][59]
There are also suggestions that it may have originated from the Portuguese phrase Mãe de Deus or Madre de Dios, which means "mother of God", due to Portuguese influence on the port city, specifically referring to a Church of St. Mary.[60]
In August 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai. At that time many Indian cities underwent a change of name.[61][62] However, the name Madras continues in occasional use for the city,[63] as well as for places named after the city such as University of Madras, IIT Madras, Madras Institute of Technology, Madras Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, Madras Christian College.
The Pallavas of Kanchi built the areas of Mahabalipuram and Pallavaram during the reign of Mahendravarman I. They also defeated several kingdoms including the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas who ruled over the area before their arrival. Sculpted caves and paintings have been identified from that period.[67] Ancient coins dating to around 500 BCE have also been unearthed from the city and its surrounding areas. A portion of these findings belonged to the Vijayanagara Empire, which ruled the region during the medieval period.[68]
On 20 August 1639 Francis Day of the East India Company along with the Nayak of Kalahasti Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, travelled to the Chandragiri palace for an audience with the Vijayanager Emperor Peda Venkata Raya.[70] Day was seeking to obtain a grant for land on the Coromandel coast on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities. He was successful in obtaining the lease of a strip of land about 10 km (6 mi) long and 1.6 km (1 mi) inland in return for a yearly sum of five hundred lakh pagodas.[71][72][73] On 22 August, he secured the land grant from local Nayak (Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka and his younger brother Aiyappa Nayaka of Poonamallee).[74][75] The region was then formerly a fishing village known as "Madraspatnam".[68] A year later, the Company built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India,[76] which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort.[77] Post independence the fort housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010, but shortly afterwards it was again moved back to Fort St. George, due to a change in the Government.[78]
Gradually, the city grew into a major naval base and became the central administrative centre for the British in South India.[83] The city served as the baseline for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India started on 10 April 1802.[84] With the advent of railways in India in the 19th century, the thriving urban centre was connected to other important cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland.[85] Sir Arthur Lawley was Governor of Madras from 1906 to 1911 and promoted modern agriculture, industry, railways, education, the arts and more democratic governance.[86] The Governor lived in Government House, Fort St George, and had a country home at Guindy, with access to a golf course, hockey pitches, riding stables and the Guindy Horse Racing Track.[87][88] In the First World War as Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia, he looked after the welfare of Indian soldiers.[89] Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I,[90] when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean, causing disruption to shipping.[91]
Chennai is classified as being in Seismic Zone III, indicating a moderate risk of damage from earthquakes.[112] Owing to the geotectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential geothermal energy site. The crust has granite rocks indicating volcanic activities in the past. It is expected that temperatures of around 200 to 300 C will be available if the ground were drilled 4 to 5 km deep. The region has the oldest rocks in the country dating back to nearly a billion years.[113]
The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favoured by the endangered olive ridley sea turtles to lay eggs every winter. A large number of cattle egrets, pond herons and other waterbirds can be seen in the rivers of Cooum and Adyar. About 75,000 birds migrate to Chennai every year.[114] Marshy wetlands such as Pallikaranai also play host to a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter.[115] Over 300 species of birds have been recorded in the city and its neighbourhood by members of Madras Naturalists' Society since its inception in 1978.
Guindy National Park is a protected area within the city limits. Wildlife conservation and research activities take place atArignar Anna Zoological Park including olive ridley sea turtle conservation.[116] Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a herpetology research station, located 40 km (25 mi) south of Chennai.[117] The city's tree cover is estimated to be around 64.06 sq km.[118] The most dominant tree species is the copper pod, followed by Indian beech and Neem. A total of 121 species of trees belonging to 94 genera and 42 families are found in the city.[118] Nearly half of the native plant species in the city's wetlands have disappeared in recent years. The city, which had 85 percent of its area covered with aquatic plants until the 1970s, now has only 25 percent of its area covered with such plants.[119] 2ff7e9595c
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