A landmark 2009 National Research Council report was highly critical of what was passing for science in some fields of forensics and had an immediate impact and longstanding on law enforcement, crime laboratories, courtrooms, and, importantly, the broader scientific community. How has the field changed and advanced since that report?
The first FDA approved chemopreventive agent was tamoxifen, for reducing the risk of breast cancer. This agent was found to reduce the breast cancer incidence by 50% in women at high risk. With tamoxifen, there is an increased risk of serious side effects such as uterine cancer, blood clots, ocular disturbances, hypercalcemia, and stroke ( ). Recently it has been shown that a osteoporosis drug raloxifene is as effective as tamoxifen in preventing estrogen-receptor-positive, invasive breast cancer but had fewer side effects than tamoxifen. Though it is better than tamoxifen with respect to side effects, it can cause blood clots and stroke. Other potential side effects of raloxifene include hot flashes, leg cramps, swelling of the legs and feet, flu-like symptoms, joint pain, and sweating ( ).
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The second chemopreventive agent to reach to clinic was finasteride, for prostate cancer, which was found to reduce incidence by 25% in men at high risk. The recognized side effects of this agent include erectile dysfunction, lowered sexual desire, impotence and gynecomastia ( _2_4_2x_can_prostate_cancer_be_prevented_36.asp). Celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor is another approved agent for prevention of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). However, the chemopreventive benefit of celecoxib is at the cost of its serious cardiovascular harm ( ). The serious side effects of the FDA approved chemopreventive drugs is an issue of particular concern when considering long-term administration of a drug to healthy people who may or may not develop cancer. This clearly indicates the need for agents, which are safe and efficacious in preventing cancer. Diet derived natural products will be potential candidates for this purpose.
Epidemiologic study findings suggest that the anticancer/chemopreventive effects of vitamin C against various types of cancers correlate with its antioxidant activities and with the inhibition of inflammation and gap junction intercellular communication. Findings from a recent epidemiologic study showed that a high vitamin C concentration in plasma had an inverse relationship with cancer-related mortality. In 1997, expert panels at the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research estimated that vitamin C can reduce the risk of cancers of the stomach, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, lung, pancreas, and cervix (108).
One experimental study quantified the amount of droplets of various sizes that remain airborne during normal speech. However, the authors acknowledge that this relies on the independent action hypothesis, which has not been validated for humans and SARS-CoV-2.(18) Another recent experimental model found that healthy individuals can produce aerosols through coughing and talking (19), and another model suggested high variability between individuals in terms of particle emission rates during speech, with increased rates correlated with increased amplitude of vocalization.(20) To date, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by this type of aerosol route has not been demonstrated; much more research is needed given the possible implications of such route of transmission.
Experimental studies have generated aerosols of infectious samples using high-powered jet nebulizers under controlled laboratory conditions. These studies found SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in air samples within aerosols for up to 3 hours in one study (21) and 16 hours in another, which also found viable replication-competent virus.(22) These findings were from experimentally induced aerosols that do not reflect normal human cough conditions.
Respiratory secretions or droplets expelled by infected individuals can contaminate surfaces and objects, creating fomites (contaminated surfaces). Viable SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or RNA detected by RT-PCR can be found on those surfaces for periods ranging from hours to days, depending on the ambient environment (including temperature and humidity) and the type of surface, in particular at high concentration in health care facilities where COVID-19 patients were being treated.(21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31-33, 36, 44, 45) Therefore, transmission may also occur indirectly through touching surfaces in the immediate environment or objects contaminated with virus from an infected person (e.g. stethoscope or thermometer), followed by touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.
In brief, evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in people 1-3 days before their symptom onset, with the highest viral loads, as measured by RT-PCR, observed around the day of symptom onset, followed by a gradual decline over time.(47, 62-65) The duration of RT-PCR positivity generally appears to be 1-2 weeks for asymptomatic persons, and up to 3 weeks or more for patients with mild to moderate disease.(62, 65-68) In patients with severe COVID-19 disease, it can be much longer.(47)
This episode was watched by 10.28 million people on its premiere night, up from the previous high, episode 5.15 Breaking Bad: Granite State (2013), which had 6.58 million. This makes Breaking Bad: Felina (2013) the most watched episode in the series' history.
The episode name when broken into elements found on the periodic table are Fe (iron), Li (lithium), and Na (sodium.) With these elements is a play on the popular phrase "blood, sweat, and tears" with "blood, meth, and tears." The title is also an anagram of "finale".
Jesse hallucinating making wooden boxes is a reference to an earlier episode, in which he tells a story about making a box in shop class, that he later sells to buy weed, in a rehab-related group therapy session.
Walt's New Hampshire license plate (3272153) adds up to the number 23. October 23rd is an unofficial holiday for chemists known as "Mole Day" and was created by a high school chemistry teacher to get students to enjoy chemistry.
Bryan Cranston said after the episode aired that he believed Walt had wanted to kill Jesse, too, but can't bring himself to do it once he sees the state Jesse is in. Producer and head writer Peter Gould explained how he knew they couldn't have made the character suffer more. "We really felt that Jesse had suffered enough - maybe not objectively, but in dramatic terms," Gould told The Hollywood Reporter. "The show is definitely a dark show, but it's not dark for the sake of trying to shock. We really felt pretty early on that we wanted Jesse to live."
When the series finale was over, several critics who openly expressed unhappiness at the relatively positive resolution for Walter White (he blackmails the Schwartzes into a plan to get his money to Flynn, Skyler doesn't turn him in to the cops and he provides information for her about Hank and Gomez to trade for charges being dropped against her, he kills Jack and his entire gang, Lydia is fatally poisoned with ricin, Jesse doesn't kill him when he has the chance, and he dies just before the cops arrive at the Nazi compound due to a fatal stray bullet) and speculated that Breaking Bad: Felina (2013) was actually a dream sequence where all of the "good" news for Walt was hallucinated by him as he died of a heart attack near the end of the Breaking Bad: Granite State (2013) episode. Vince Gilligan made his annoyance clear by not only stating that Breaking Bad: Felina (2013) was NOT a dream-based episode but pointing out several story threads that would have made zero sense in such an episode (including the fact that Lydia had begun meeting with Todd to discuss the blue meth business in Walt's absence). 2ff7e9595c
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